民主不是自由（第2 / 3页）

Viewed as a means to the end of political freedom, economic arrangements are important because of their effect on the concen-tration or dispersion of power.The kind of economic organization that provides economic freedom directly, namely, competitive cap-italism, also promotes political freedom because it separates eco-nomic power from political power and in this way enables the one to offset the other.

案子涉及一个被控偷窃的中国壮工，证据还不少。审讯由一个脾气暴躁而年事已高的英国法官主持。他一副上流社会的架势，还带着传统的白色假发。他既没让双方的律师有任何借题发挥的余地，也没让证人感觉到他会容忍任何胡说八道。

弗里德曼（Milton Friedman，《资本主义与自由》作者）：

一个是受审的中国壮工，一个是负责判案的英国法官，两人的背景和地位太悬殊了。但种族和阶级并不决定什么，尽管现在的知识分子都这么人云亦云。一开始就很清楚的是，法官决意要确保那人得到公平的审讯——一点也不偏，一点也不倚。最后那人被判无罪。

中译：不是因为缺了什么，而是因为动了念头，才导致了大革命；人们凭空捏造了劳力和资本之间的关系，大胆设计了政府应该如何适当介入劳资关系的理论，炮制了主张极度集权的学说，并让许多人相信，依靠政府不仅能免于匮乏，还能过上安逸舒服的日子。

历史只表明资本主义是政治自由的必要条件，而显然不是充分条件。法西斯治下的意大利和西班牙……都不是享有政治自由的社会，但都是以私有企业为主体的经济组织。因此，一个实质是资本主义，但政治并不自由的社会显然是可能的。

The fundamentals of freedom—limited government, separation of powers, an independent judiciary, free speech, jury trials—ex-isted in Britain for many generations before the franchise was ex-tended to most males.The whole spirit, and many of the phrases, of the constitution of the United States derive from British law and government.

历史绝无二致地表明了政治自由和经济自由之间的关系。古往今来，没有任何享有政治自由的社会是缺乏经济自由的。

Just as freedom can exist without democracy, so democracy can crush freedom.……

中译：经济安排被看作是达到政治自由这一目标的手段，因为经济安排能够影响权力的集中和分散。那些能直接提供经济自由的经济组织，即竞争的资本主义，也能促进政治自由，因为它将经济权利从政治权力中分离出来，从而使得两者可以相互制衡。

人们经常把民主和自由混为一谈。英国在1832年《改革法案》前，没有任何民主，但早就享有自由了。

It was not want, but ideas, that brought about the great revo-lution；chimerical ideas on the relations between labor and capital, extravagant theories as to the degree in which the government might interfere between the workingman and the employer, doctrines of ultra-centralization which had at last persuaded large numbers that it depended on the state not only to save them from want, but to place them in easy, comfortable circumstances.

Today, the confusion between freedom and democracy leads far too many Americans, including those in high places, to seek to spread democracy around the world—in complete disregard of the circumstances of the particular countries.In some respects, we may be more dangerous to our friends than to our enemies, when we pressure them to set up at least the trappings of democracy.……

History suggest only that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom.Clearly it is not a sufficient condition.Fas-cist Italy and Fascist Spain, Germany at various times in the last seventy years, Japan before World Wars I and II, tsarist Russia in the decades before World War I—are all societies that cannot con-ceivably be described as politically free.Yet, in each, private en-terprise was the dominant form of economic organization.It is therefore clearly possible to have economic arrangements that are fundamentally capitalist and political arrangements that are not free.

The British were very wise to have given Hong Kong freedom.But they may also have been wise in not attempting to experiment with democracy, where the traditions needed for it did not exist.

Historical evidence speaks with a single voice on the relation between political freedom and a free market.I know of no example in time or place of a society that has been marked by a large meas-ure of political freedom, and that has not also used something com-parable to a free market to organize the bulk of economic activity.

中译：我唯一一次从法庭出来时对法律的敬意要比进去时大的体验发生在英国殖民统治下的香港法庭。